Wolf Predation Essays - Predation, LotkaVolterra Equations, Caribou

Wolf Predation Effects of Wolf Predation Abstract: This paper discusses four hypotheses to explain the effects of wolf predation on prey populations of large ungulates. The four proposed hypotheses examined are the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis. There is much research literature that discusses how these hypotheses can be used to interpret various data sets obtained from field studies. It was concluded that the predation limiting hypothesis fit most study cases, but that more research is necessary to account for multiple predator - multiple prey relationships. The effects of predation can have an enormous impact on the ecological organization and structure of communities. The processes of predation affect virtually every species to some degree or another. Predation can be defined as when members of one species eat (and/or kill) those of another species. The specific type of predation between wolves and large ungulates involves carnivores preying on herbivores. Predation can have many possible effects on the interrelations of populations. To draw any correlations between the effects of these predator-prey interactions requires studies of a long duration, and statistical analysis of large data sets representative of the populations as a whole. Predation could limit the prey distribution and decrease abundance. Such limitation may be desirable in the case of pest species, or undesirable to some individuals as with game animals or endangered species. Predation may also act as a major selective force. The effects of predator prey coevolution can explain many evolutionary adaptations in both predator and prey species. The effects of wolf predation on species of large ungulates have proven to be controversial and elusive. There have been many different models proposed to describe the processes operating on populations influenced by wolf predation. Some of the proposed mechanisms include the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis (Boutin 1992). The purpose of this paper is to assess the empirical data on population dynamics and attempt to determine if one of the four hypotheses is a better model of the effects of wolf predation on ungulate population densities. The predation limiting hypothesis proposes that predation is the primary factor that limits prey density. In this non- equilibrium model recurrent fluctuations occur in the prey population. This implies that the prey population does not return to some particular equilibrium after deviation. The predation limiting hypothesis involves a density independent mechanism. The mechanism might apply to one prey - one predator systems (Boutin 1992). This hypothesis predicts that losses of prey due to predation will be large enough to halt prey population increase. Many studies support the hypothesis that predation limits prey density. Bergerud et al. (1983) concluded from their study of the interrelations of wolves and moose in the Pukaskwa National Park that wolf predation limited, and may have caused a decline in, the moose population, and that if wolves were eliminated, the moose population would increase until limited by some other regulatory factor, such as food availability. However, they go on to point out that this upper limit will not be sustainable, but will eventually lead to resource depletion and population decline. Seip (1992) found that high wolf predation on caribou in the Quesnel Lake area resulted in a decline in the population, while low wolf predation in the Wells Gray Provincial Park resulted in a slowly increasing population. Wolf predation at the Quesnel Lake area remained high despite a fifty percent decline in the caribou population, indicating that mortality due to predation was not density-dependent within this range of population densities. Dale et al. (1994), in their study of wolves and caribou in Gates National Park and Preserve, showed that wolf predation can be an important limiting factor at low caribou population densities, and may have an anti-regulatory effect. They also state that wolf predation may affect the distribution and abundance of caribou populations. Bergerud and Ballard (1988), in their interpretation of the Nelchina caribou herd case history, said that during and immediately following a reduction in the wolf population, calf recruitment increased, which should result in a future caribou population increase. Gasaway et al. (1983) also indicated that wolf predation can sufficiently increase

Thesis Ideas

Thesis Ideas Thesis Ideas Thesis Ideas One of the best ways to learn about writing is to start write, to re-read and to edit your work in accordance to the required style and specified thesis format. Sometimes, a supervisor can seem to be a real pest in exhorting students to 'write it down'. But this is often the best advice. Start by writing your thesis ideas down, and ask yourself whether there is a logical flow of ideas in your writing. There is something about transferring knowledge or information from its mental repository or from some conceptual domain on to a page that tends to clarify thought and build coherence. We think a couple of basic tools are needed: an open mind; a dictionary; a thesaurus and/or style guide. If you possess these, you are in a good position to gather thesis ideas! Thesis Dissertation Writing Your writing will determine whether people understand what you have to say, and whether they agree with it and remember your conclusions. This brings us to the hard reality of who you are writing your thesis for. If you think huge hoards of fellow scholars are going to fall over themselves to borrow your thesis from a library - forget it! In reality, very few people will read your thesis, but many more will (you hope) read subsequent articles, chapters and/or even book derived from your thesis ideas. Your thesis will usually be read only by your supervisor and your examiners. The examiners, your most important audience, are also likely to read the thesis in a short period of time. Thesis Writing Consider this analogy: writing a chapter is like watching the news on television. You turn on the evening news, and what do they tell you? The answer is simple: they tell you the headlines, then they tell the news in detail, then they sum up the highlights. Formal academic writing is much the same: the entire thesis and each chapter should contain some form of introduction, a body and a conclusion. The main ideas or arguments should be captured within the introduction in order to focus the reader's attention on the main theme and motivate them to continue reading. The various sections comprising the body of your project should then continue in a logical format. The conclusion should summarize what has been written in the thesis, and link this summary with the original argument outlined in the introduction. There should always be a coherent, logical and consistent thread woven through each section, through each chapter and throughout the thesis. offers you an opportunity to order professional thesis writing assistance.   We will help you thesis ideas, writing, and editing. Do not miss this chance to ease your academic struggles!

Atticus Finch Essay Example for Free (#2)

Atticus Finch Essay Atticus Finch Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"You cannot escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today.† Atticus Finch, in many ways, lives this quote everyday by understanding what has to be done today in order to avoid future consequences of today’s mistakes. Atticus is a kind-hearted, slow-tempered, wise man, who always knows the right thing to say. In the story, one can deduce that Atticus Finch is a kind-hearted man who knows what to do in order to fix the toughest of problems. The author remarks, â€Å"There was a brown book and some yellow tablets on the solicitor’s table, Atticus’s was bare† (138). This statement explains how Atticus is always prepared to do what is right, and still be humane about what point he is trying to get across. Therefore, Atticus must also set the example for his children by showing that he has a kind heart, so maybe his two children would learn to follow; however, in the story he is faced with many obstacles on the way, reducing his time spent trying to do the right thing. Atticus definitely knows how to react under pressure. In the story the author writes, â€Å"Miss Stephanie said Atticus didn’t even bat an eye, just took out his handkerchief and wiped his face and stood there and let Mr. Ewell call him names wild horses could not bring her to repeat† (185). This is a perfect example of Atticus having a long fuse. Even though Mr. Ewell cussed him until the cows came home, Atticus took it calmly and was relieved that Mr. Ewell finally got his steam out from the case. Whenever he is in trouble, he reacts calmly because he knows in the end it will all blow over. Atticus is obviously a very wise man, who can get the job done. In the part of the story with Mrs. Dubose, Atticus states, â€Å"I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It’s when you know you’re licked before you begin, but you begin anyway and see it through no matter what† (93). Atticus uses many quotes like this in the book, all consisting of the wisest comments out of the whole story. In this quote Atticus is lecturing Jem after he is finished reading his book to Mrs. Dubose, and Jem realizes that Atticus was talking about him. He also said he would have made him do it eventually anyway, just to show him what real courage was, even if he would not have destroyed Mrs. Dubose’s flowers. The author indirectly says that Atticus knows what he is saying. As I have stated, Atticus is a kind-hearted, slow-tempered, and wise beyond his year’s sort of man. Atticus is the ideal human being in the story. He is also the stories main protagonist, showing all the characteristics of a gentleman. Atticus Finch. (2016, Mar 25). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Maintenance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Maintenance - Assignment Example The use of relief valves was the original method of regulating compressors in order to have the excess air released into the environment. A servo valve that is controlled by a regulator can be used and this allows for an easier control of the pressure variations in the compressors. The Compressors that are below 5–10 kW are often controlled by completely stopping the electric motor when the pressure reaches an upper limit value and by restarting it when the pressure drops below the lower limit value. A combustion engine, gas turbine or frequency controlled electric motor controls the compressor’s speed and, consequently, the flow rate. This is an efficient method that s necessary for maintaining a steady outgoing pressure and lower energy consumption. The flow rate of screw compressors can be regulated by moving the position of the discharge port into the housing, in the rotors’ lengthways direction, towards the inlet. This method is however capable of generating high power consumption. The piston compressors can be regulated through mechanical forcing of the inlet valves into the open position. This results in air being pumped out and into the cylinder with minimal energy loss that is often lower than 10% of the full-load shaft power. The inlet of the compressor can be regulated by throttling the inlet of the compressor in order to determine the minimum flow and set the range for the compressor. Inlet regulation is also achieved by arranging the vanes as radial blades in the intake causing the drawn-in gas to rotate while the flow is throttled. Controlling compressors requires a regulation system that can be used either for an individual compressor or an entire compressor installation. Regulation systems are becoming more advanced and fast growing development offers a variety of new solutions. When air is required, a signal is sent to a solenoid valve that guides the compressor’s inlet valve to the fully open position. The valve is

Qualitative Methodology Practices in Nursing Essay

Qualitative Methodology Practices in Nursing - Essay Example To extend these points further with regard to the public and the field of nursing, the professional image has been subject to a plethora of influencing factors since health-care services were first established in this country over two centuries ago. This goes back to the theoretical aspect of its colonial origins and how they influenced medicine and health care reforms today. Since the colonial period, nursing has evolved through decades of changes and reform. From a position of significant oppression and medical subservience, generations of nurses have fought for public recognition in terms of identity, respect, and role acknowledgement. In fact these are the reasons that so much research has been conducted in this profession and the various theoretical theorizations and methodologies have taken root. This has created a better perception with regard to the nurses' role and it has helped them establish their position in health care more fluidly. The main theoretical point behind the usage of these four methodologies is the fact that these specific methods provide accurate and reliable ways to promote good positive outcomes for patients, as well as providing assistance to the nurses to ensure that they stay in the correct professional framework which guides them on an everyday basis in their work routines. Theory of Applied Research Applied research is a dependable element in the nursing field. Although in its basic form it is only considered to be fundamental for solving more practical and basic problems it can also find a niche in other areas of the nursing profession as well. Theoretically it can help in pin-pointing certain symptoms through a research methodology that is of a nurses own choosing, since there are many different research methodologies available (Lehtinen et al 2005, p. 44). Therefore, usage of an applied research model helps the nurse facilitate the treatment regimen more fluidly due to the fact that the basic symptoms or problems can be rectified and hence corrected to change a specific outcome. Take for example the disease of cancer. Applied research helps the nurse prioritize what research is more worthy of further study in order to acquire more essential knowledge on the subject so that a better determination of treatment can be given (Mcilfatrick & Keeny 2002, p. 629). Furthermore, it he lps to promote the correct direction and focus in developing a strategy for studying various forms of cancer to be better prepared in caring for a cancer patient. By incorporating the research question, found through the usage of applied research, within certain basic studies of cancer, nurses are better prepared to provide care with regard to how to alleviate nausea and vomiting, interventions for pain, coping with grief or death, and prevention and treatment of existing cancer or other possible cancers (Mcilfatrick & Keeny 2002, p. 630). This emphasizes the fact that the basic research of this disease is actually the initial phase leading into the methodology of applied research to begin with (Lehtinen et al 2

Politics In The Way Of Life Essay Example for Free

Politics In The Way Of Life Essay Should religious beliefs shape how politics are conducted in the contemporary world? Does violence have a role in politics? Should animals as well as humans be represented in politics? What do bodies and sexuality have to do with politics? â€Å"Politics is the science of a good living. † It is man who has to decide on the way he wants to live. However every human being is influenced by his religious, social and sexual beliefs nomatter where or how he starts his political way of living. Do you think politics should be mixed with religion? Religion and politics are completely different and should not be mixed with each other. All men and women are to be treated equally irrespective of the caste or the religion that they belong to. Every person has the right to follow his own religion and to carry forward his beliefs in his society. But when his beliefs and religion is such that it affects or hurts the feelings rather beliefs of his own neighbours or fellow human beings it becomes politics. No man has the right to affect the feelings of another in any case. If man believes in God, he surely should believe in peace with fellow human beings. But when does this happen? How do religious beliefs turn to politics? When does a person start hurting the feelings of his own fellow human beings? Religion greatly influences a man sensually that is his heart and mind. Thus the misunderstandings and misconception of religions leads to a difference of opinion between people thus leading to indifferences in their opinions thereby leading to mutual quarrel. Coming to the influence of the society and social beliefs on politics. It is the society that has created politics. Politics is for the people, by the people and of the people. All the rules and policies right from the human right to social equality politics affects the way of life of every individual. Next the truth that every living being, including animals have their influence in politics. Killing specific animals is a crime, hurting any animal is a crime. It is for the protection of animals that societies like blue cross have been developed. When killing an animal is punishable, it is glad that politics helps even animals live peacefully until they are not harmful to the human beings. Thus politics is the way of good living. It is the science of kinship. A life without politics would be unorderly and miserable. Politics forms the basis of life. Thus good politics forms the basis of a good life.

Systemic Change :: Systematic Systemic Essays

Systemic Change What Is It To fully understand Systemic Change, one must first be able to distinguish systemic from systematic. The term systematic often is associated with images of a linear, generalizable model of how to do something. Systemic on the other hand implies a global conception of the problem and an understanding of the interrelationships and interconnections. (Carr 1996). The systemic perspective in instructional design is traditionally limited to feedback via needs assessment or evaluation. The systematic perspective in instructional design, however, is strongly represented in a variety of step-by-step models. (Carr 1996) Systemic thinking "requires keeping many aspects of the problem set in your head at one time. It is a community activity, not an individual one, with all the requisite challenges of any group task. Systemic thinking demands persistence, because to think systemically means to constantly reflect back to previous assumptions, and to be flexible enough to change thinking that has been agreed upon previously. (Reigeluth, Garfinkle 1994). Using a systemic view, we develop ways of finding out about the mass of inter-relationships which exist between the different components of systems as well as finding out about the components themselves and we have to find out about the relationships which exist between the whole system and the environment in which it exists. (Bateson, 1979; Bawden 1991, Carr 1996) There are two types of change. There is piecemeal change, often called tinkering, which entails modifying something (fixing a part of it) and there is systemic change, often called paradigm shift, which entails replacing the whole thing. Reigeluth, Garfinkle 1994). Systemic change is comprehensive. It recognizes that a fundamental change in one aspect of a system requires fundamental changes in other aspects in order for it to be successful. In education, it must pervade all levels of the system: classroom, building, district, community, state government and federal government. And it must include the nature of the learning experiences, the administrative system that supports the instructional system, and the governance system that governs the whole educational system (Banathy, 1991, Reigeluth, Garfinkle 1994). Systemic change is needed because of the paradigm shift that is occurring in education due to the information age. Although this paradigm shift in education is only a microcosm of the changes in society as a whole, these changes in society is making "the current educational system obsolete.